Biomolecules NEET Questions recognition on the fundamental biological molecules together with carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These questions check college students’ expertise of their structure, function, and biochemical properties. A robust draw close of biomolecules is vital for excelling in NEET, as it forms the foundation for topics like metabolism, enzyme motion, and genetic fabric. Practicing these questions facilitates students improve problem-fixing capabilities, velocity, and accuracy, making it crucial for achieving a high rating within the biology phase.
Introduction to Biomolecules
Biomolecules are critical organic molecules that shape the basis of lifestyles, gambling important roles in diverse organic methods. NEET questions about biomolecules cognizance on key subjects like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and enzymes. These questions determine a scholar’s knowledge in their shape, features, and interactions inside dwelling organisms. Biomolecules are essential to cell activities, which includes metabolism, strength manufacturing, and genetic records switch. Mastering this topic is vital for NEET aspirants, as it paperwork a core part of the biology syllabus and contributes significantly to know-how physiology and biochemistry. Solving NEET questions about biomolecules complements trouble-solving skills and deepens information, making sure an intensive guidance for the exam.
Types of Biomolecules
Biomolecules can be categorized into four important classes:
Carbohydrates:
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one:2:1.
- Serve as a primary energy source and structural components.
- Examples: glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose.
Lipids:
- Primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but with a higher share of hydrogen.
- Hydrophobic (water-repelling) molecules.
- Serve as energy storage, insulation, and cellular membrane components.
- Examples: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol.
Proteins:
- Composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
- Play various roles in cellular functions, including enzymes, structural proteins, hormones, and antibodies.
- Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, collagen.
Nucleic Acids:
- Composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- Store and transmit genetic information.
- Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Download: Biomolecules
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|---|---|
| Biomolecules NEET Questions with Answer | Click Here |
Carbohydrates: Biomolecules
Classification
Carbohydrates can be categorised based totally on their size and complexity:
Monosaccharides:
- Simple sugars with a single sugar unit.
- Common examples encompass glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- Glucose is the number one electricity supply for cells.
- Fructose is located in end result and honey.
- Galactose is found in milk and dairy merchandise.
Disaccharides:
- Formed by using the combination of monosaccharides.
- Common examples encompass sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Sucrose is table sugar.
- Lactose is the sugar determined in milk.
- Maltose is shaped from the breakdown of starch.
Polysaccharides:
- Complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides related collectively.
- Common examples encompass starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
- Starch is the storage shape of glucose in plants.
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
- Cellulose is a structural factor of plant cell partitions.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Energy supply: Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simply absorbed and used as a number one electricity supply.
- Structural components: Polysaccharides inclusive of cellulose and chitin provide structural guide for cells and tissues.
- Cell reputation: Carbohydrates connected to proteins or lipids on the cell surface act as markers for cellular reputation and conversation.
- Energy storage: Polysaccharides like starch and glycogen keep extra glucose for later use.
Proteins: Biomolecules
| Structure | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Structure | The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein chain. | Insulin, hemoglobin |
| Secondary Structure | The local folding of the polypeptide chain into regular structures such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets. | Collagen, keratin |
| Tertiary Structure | The three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule formed by interactions between various amino acid side chains. | Myoglobin, lysozyme |
| Quaternary Structure | The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex. | Hemoglobin, antibodies |
| Function | Examples |
|---|---|
| Enzymes | Catalyze biochemical reactions. |
| Structural Proteins | Provide structural support for cells and tissues. |
| Hormones | Regulate physiological processes. |
| Transport Proteins | Carry molecules across cell membranes. |
| Antibodies | Bind to antigens and help in immune response. |
| Storage Proteins | Store nutrients. |
| Regulatory Proteins | Control gene expression. |
| Motor Proteins | Generate movement. |
Lipids: Biomolecules
Lipids
Lipids are a numerous group of natural molecules characterised by means of their hydrophobic (water-repelling) nature. They are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, however may also contain different factors which include nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Types of Lipids
Lipids can be classified into three principal classes:
Simple Lipids:
- Esters of fatty acids and alcohols.
- Examples: triglycerides, waxes.
Triglycerides are the most not unusual type of easy lipid and function the number one power storage molecules in animals and plants. Waxes are determined in flora and animals, imparting a protective coating.
Compound Lipids:
- Lipids containing extra groups, such as phosphate, nitrogen, or carbohydrate.
- Examples: phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids.
Phospholipids are vital components of cellular membranes. Glycolipids are observed in the cellular membrane and play a position in mobile popularity. Sphingolipids are much like phospholipids but contain a sphingosine spine.
Derived Lipids:
- Compounds derived from simple or compound lipids via hydrolysis or different reactions.
- Examples: fatty acids, sterols, vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Fatty acids are the building blocks of triglycerides and phospholipids. Sterols, together with ldl cholesterol, are important additives of cell membranes and precursors for hormones. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are critical for diverse physiological capabilities.
Role of Lipids in the Human Body
Lipids play a essential role in numerous physiological tactics:
- Energy storage: Triglycerides keep extra strength for later use.
- Structural additives: Phospholipids and ldl cholesterol are important additives of cellular membranes.
- Hormones: Sterols function precursors for hormones which include testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol.
- Insulation: Lipids offer insulation to defend organs and keep frame temperature.
- Absorption of nutrients: Lipids are vital for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
- Cell signaling: Lipids play a function in cell signaling and verbal exchange.
- Nerve impulse transmission: Lipids are crucial additives of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers, which aids in nerve impulse transmission.
Nucleic Acids: Biomolecules
| Feature | DNA | RNA |
|---|---|---|
| Sugar | Deoxyribose | Ribose |
| Nitrogenous Bases | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| Structure | Double-stranded helix | Single-stranded |
| Function | Stores genetic information | Transmits genetic information, acts as a template for protein synthesis |
DNA Replication
- Process: The double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
- Enzymes: DNA helicase unwinds the DNA, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the developing strand, and DNA ligase joins the fragments together.
Transcription
- Process: The DNA sequence is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule (mRNA).
- Enzymes: RNA polymerase binds to a promoter place at the DNA and adds nucleotides to the developing RNA strand.
Translation
- Process: The mRNA molecule travels to a ribosome, wherein it is examined in codons (triplets of nucleotides). Each codon corresponds to a selected amino acid. Amino acids are delivered to the ribosome by using tRNA molecules, and a polypeptide chain is assembled.
- Components: mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids.
Enzymes: Biomolecules
Structure and Function of Enzymes
Structure: Enzymes are typically proteins, despite the fact that some RNA molecules (ribozymes) can also act as enzymes. They have a selected 3-dimensional form (tertiary structure) this is essential for his or her function.
Active Site: The lively website online is a selected vicinity at the enzyme’s floor wherein the substrate (the molecule that the enzyme acts upon) binds. The energetic site has a unique shape and chemical homes that permit it to recognize and bind to the substrate.
Function: Enzymes act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions with out being fed on inside the manner. They lessen the activation electricity required for a reaction to occur, permitting it to proceed at a much quicker rate beneath physiological conditions.
Enzyme Activity and Factors Affecting It
Several elements can affect the activity of an enzyme:
- Temperature: Enzymes have an most efficient temperature at which they characteristic most successfully. Increasing the temperature beyond the superior can denature the enzyme, causing it to lose its shape and activity. Decreasing the temperature beneath the most fulfilling slows down the response charge.
- PH: Enzymes additionally have an most beneficial pH at which they function high-quality. Deviations from the finest pH can regulate the enzyme’s form and fee, affecting its pastime.
- Substrate concentration: At low substrate concentrations, growing the substrate attention increases the rate of the response. However, at excessive substrate concentrations, the enzyme turns into saturated, and increasing the substrate awareness not substantially will increase the response rate.
- Enzyme concentration: Increasing the concentration of the enzyme usually will increase the reaction charge, up to a positive point.
Vitamins: Biomolecules
| Vitamin | Classification | Deficiency Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | ||
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | B vitamin | Beriberi |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | B vitamin | Ariboflavinosis |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | B vitamin | Pellagra |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | B vitamin | Microcytic anemia |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | B vitamin | Pernicious anemia |
| Folic Acid | B vitamin | Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects |
| Biotin | B vitamin | Skin rash, hair loss |
| Pantothenic Acid | B vitamin | Fatigue, nausea |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Vitamin C | Scurvy |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | ||
| Vitamin A | Vitamin A | Night blindness, xerophthalmia |
| Vitamin D | Vitamin D | Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults) |
| Vitamin E | Vitamin E | Hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness |
| Vitamin K | Vitamin K | Bleeding disorders |
Metabolism of Biomolecules
Metabolism
Metabolism refers back to the chemical reactions that arise inside residing organisms to convert vitamins into electricity and building blocks for cells. The number one pathway for power manufacturing is cellular breathing, which entails three most important degrees: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron shipping chain.
Glycolysis
- Location: Cytoplasm
- Process: A glucose molecule is damaged down into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
- Types: Aerobic glycolysis (occurs in the presence of oxygen) and anaerobic glycolysis (occurs in the absence of oxygen).
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Location: Mitochondrial matrix
- Process: Pyruvate molecules are transformed into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle. Through a series of chemical reactions, acetyl-CoA is oxidized, producing 1 ATP molecule, 3 NADH molecules, and 1 FADH2 molecule according to cycle.
- Requirement: Oxygen is needed for the Krebs cycle to preserve.
Electron Transport Chain
- Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Process: NADH and FADH2, wearing high-energy electrons, donate their electrons to a sequence of protein complexes embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons pass via those complexes, energy is released and used to pump protons throughout the membrane, growing a proton gradient.
- ATP Synthesis: The proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP by way of ATP synthase, an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
FAQs about Biomolecules
1. What are biomolecules?
Ans: Biomolecules are natural compounds vital for life, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
2. What sort of questions are requested from biomolecules in NEET?
Ans: Questions regularly focus on structures, functions, and interactions of biomolecules, enzyme mechanisms, and metabolic pathways.
3. Which biomolecule is most frequently asked in NEET?
Ans: Proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids are commonly emphasized due to their essential roles in biological processes.
4. How many questions are typically asked from biomolecules in NEET?
Ans: Usually, 2-3 questions from biomolecules appear in the NEET exam.
5. What is the importance of enzymes in biomolecule-related NEET questions?
Ans: Enzymes are crucial as they catalyze biochemical reactions, a topic frequently covered in NEET.
