Overview of Indian National Movements
- Early Resistance (Pre-1857): List Of National Movements In India Localized revolts towards British policies, along with the Sanyasi Rebellion and Vellore Mutiny.
- First War of Independence (1857): Widespread rise up through Indian soldiers (sepoys) and rulers; aleven though suppressed, it marked a big nationalist sentiment.
- Formation of Indian National Congress (1885): Initially moderate, centered on constitutional reforms and more illustration for Indians.
- Swadeshi and Boycott Movement (1905): Reaction to the Partition of Bengal, selling Indian items and boycotting British products.
- Home Rule Movement (1916–1918): Led through Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, stressful self-governance.
- Gandhian Era (1919–1942): Gandhi`s management delivered mass mobilization via non-violent actions just like the Non-Cooperation (1920), Civil Disobedience (1930), and Quit India (1942).
- Subhas Chandra Bose and INA: Bose sought independence via armed war with the Indian National Army in the course of WWII.
- Quit India Movement (1942): Nationwide protests stressful instantaneously British withdrawal; brutally suppressed.
- Partition and Independence (1947): India won independence on August 15, 1947, however the united states of america turned into partitioned into India and Pakistan because of communal tensions.
List of 14 National Movements in India - From 1885 to 1947
| No. | National Movement | Year(s) | Key Leaders/Events | Objectives/Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Formation of Indian National Congress | 1885 | A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji | Constitutional reforms, greater Indian representation in governance |
| 2. | Partition of Bengal & Swadeshi Movement | 1905–1911 | Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal | Boycott of British goods, promotion of Indian industries |
| 3. | Surat Split | 1907 | Moderates vs Extremists (Congress split) | Division between moderate and extremist factions in Congress |
| 4. | Home Rule Movement | 1916–1918 | Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant | Demand for self-governance within the British Empire |
| 5. | Rowlatt Satyagraha | 1919 | Mahatma Gandhi | Protest against the Rowlatt Act, which allowed detention without trial |
| 6. | Jallianwala Bagh Massacre | 1919 | General Dyer (responsible for the massacre) | Massacre of unarmed civilians; led to widespread outrage and resistance |
| 7. | Non-Cooperation Movement | 1920–1922 | Mahatma Gandhi, Ali Brothers | Non-violent resistance, boycott of British institutions |
| 8. | Chauri Chaura Incident | 1922 | Mahatma Gandhi | Violent clash, led Gandhi to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement |
| 9. | Simon Commission Boycott | 1927 | Lala Lajpat Rai, Congress leaders | Rejection of the Simon Commission due to no Indian representation |
| 10. | Civil Disobedience Movement | 1930–1934 | Mahatma Gandhi, Salt March | Mass non-violent defiance of British laws (e.g., Salt Laws) |
| 11. | Round Table Conferences | 1930–1932 | Gandhi, British government, Congress | Discussions on constitutional reforms; limited success |
| 12. | Quit India Movement | 1942 | Mahatma Gandhi, Congress leaders | Demand for immediate British withdrawal, mass protests |
| 13. | Indian National Army (INA) and Subhas Chandra Bose | 1942–1945 | Subhas Chandra Bose | Armed struggle for independence; military campaigns with INA |
| 14. | Independence and Partition of India | 1947 | Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah | India gained independence, but with the partition creating Pakistan |
Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny)
Start of Revolt:
List Of National Movements In India Began on May 10, 1857, in Meerut whilst Indian soldiers (sepoys) revolted towards the use of latest rifle cartridges believed to be greased with cow and pig fat.
Spread of Rebellion:
The rise up speedy unfold to Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and different areas in northern and primary India.
Leadership:
Key leaders blanketed Rani Lakshmibai (Jhansi), Nana Sahib (Kanpur), Tantia Tope, and Begum Hazrat Mahal (Awadh).
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar changed into declared the symbolic chief of the rise up in Delhi.
Causes:
Political: British guidelines of annexation just like the Doctrine of Lapse.
Economic: Heavy taxation and monetary exploitation.
Social and Religious: Interference in Indian customs and fears of compelled spiritual conversions.
Military: List Of National Movements In India Poor situations for sepoys and spiritual offense as a result of the Enfield rifle cartridges.
Suppression of Revolt:
The British army, the use of advanced navy power and higher organization, suppressed the rise up through 1858.
Aftermath:
The British Crown took direct manipulate of India, finishing the East India Company`s rule.
The rise up sparked early nationalist sentiment that later fueled India’s independence movement.
Partition of Bengal
The List Of National Movements In India Partition of Bengal become a sizable occasion in Indian history, orchestrated with the aid of using the British Viceroy, Lord Curzon, in 1905. It concerned dividing the massive province of Bengal into separate entities: East Bengal and West Bengal.
Key Points:
Reasons for Partition:
Administrative Efficiency: Bengal become a good sized province with a populace of over eighty million, making it tough to control effectively. Curzon argued that partition could enhance administrative efficiency.
Divide and Rule: The British sought to weaken the developing nationalist motion with the aid of using dividing Hindus and Muslims. East Bengal had a Muslim majority, even as West Bengal had a Hindu majority.
Partition Announcement:
Announced on July 20, 1905, and got here into impact on October 16, 1905.
East Bengal protected Assam and had a Muslim majority, even as West Bengal protected Bihar and Orissa with a Hindu majority.
Indian Reaction:
Widespread competition from Indian nationalists, mainly in Bengal.
The Swadeshi Movement (boycott of British goods) and Vande Mataram Movement have been released to protest the partition.
Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Rabindranath Tagore advocated country wide cohesion and the usage of Indian goods.
Impact:
The partition intensified Indian nationalism and sowed the seeds of the wider independence motion.
Hindu-Muslim divisions, to begin with exploited with the aid of using the British, commenced to deepen.
Swadeshi Movement
The List Of National Movements In India Swadeshi Movement become a sizeable section of India`s freedom struggle, released as a reaction to the Partition of Bengal in 1905 via way of means of the British. The term “Swadeshi” means “of one’s personal country,” and the motion emphasised the promoting of indigenous items and the boycott of British merchandise.
Key Points:
Origin:
Triggered via way of means of the Partition of Bengal via way of means of Lord Curzon in 1905, which sought to divide the province on communal lines, fostering a divide among Hindus and Muslims.
The motion aimed to protest British rules and sell country wide self-reliance.
Objectives:
Boycott of British Goods: Encouraging Indians to forestall buying British-made items like textiles, clothing, and different synthetic items.
Promotion of Indigenous Goods: Encouraging the usage of domestically made merchandise and fostering the improvement of Indian industries.
Self-reliance (Swadeshi): Encouraging Indians to emerge as self-enough in numerous sectors like production and education.
Prominent Leaders:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh have been key figures who encouraged for Swadeshi.
Rabindranath Tagore supported the motion thru his writings and songs, drastically the anthem “Amar Sonar Bangla.”
Methods:
Boycott: People stopped shopping for British items, particularly textiles.
Bonfires of overseas items: List Of National Movements In India Symbolic burning of British merchandise, particularly cloth.
Promotion of Indian items: Establishment of Swadeshi industries, handlooms, and small-scale industries.
All India Muslim League
The List Of National Movements In India Swadeshi Movement become a sizeable section of India`s freedom struggle, released as a reaction to the Partition of Bengal in 1905 via way of means of the British. The term “Swadeshi” means “of one’s personal country,” and the motion emphasised the promoting of indigenous items and the boycott of British merchandise.
Key Points:
Origin:
Triggered via way of means of the Partition of Bengal via way of means of Lord Curzon in 1905, which sought to divide the province on communal lines, fostering a divide among Hindus and Muslims.
The motion aimed to protest British rules and sell country wide self-reliance.
Objectives:
Boycott of British Goods: Encouraging Indians to forestall buying British-made items like textiles, clothing, and different synthetic items.
Promotion of Indigenous Goods: Encouraging the usage of domestically made merchandise and fostering the improvement of Indian industries.
Self-reliance (Swadeshi): Encouraging Indians to emerge as self-enough in numerous sectors like production and education.
Prominent Leaders:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh have been key figures who encouraged for Swadeshi.
Rabindranath Tagore supported the motion thru his writings and songs, drastically the anthem “Amar Sonar Bangla.”
Methods:
Boycott: List Of National Movements In India People stopped shopping for British items, particularly textiles.
Bonfires of overseas items: Symbolic burning of British merchandise, particularly cloth.
Promotion of Indian items: Establishment of Swadeshi industries, handlooms, and small-scale industries.
Minto-Morley Reforms or Indian Councils Act
The List Of National Movements In India Minto-Morley Reforms, additionally called the Indian Councils Act of 1909, had been a sequence of legislative reforms enacted through the British authorities aimed toward growing Indian participation in governance. Named after the then Viceroy of India, Lord Minto, and the Secretary of State for India, Lord Morley, those reforms had been a reaction to developing needs for political illustration and self-governance in India.
Key Features:
Expansion of Legislative Councils:
The Act accelerated the dimensions of the present principal and provincial legislative councils.
The principal legislative council expanded from sixteen to 60 members, at the same time as provincial councils had been additionally enlarged.
Introduction of Indian Representatives:
The Act allowed for the inclusion of elected Indian representatives withinside the councils.
A positive range of seats had been reserved for Indian members, aleven though the bulk had been nevertheless appointed through the British.
Separate Electorates:
One of the maximum vast functions become the advent of separate electorates for Muslims, letting them decide on their very own representatives.
This become a pivotal second in Indian politics, because it identified the awesome political identification of Muslims and laid the basis for communal illustration.
Limited Powers:
The powers of the councils remained limited. They should speak and advise rules however had no actual authority to legislate independently.
The Viceroy retained vast manage over the legislative technique and will override council decisions.
Ghadar Party Movement
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Formation | Founded in 1913 in San Francisco, USA, by Indian immigrants. |
| Objectives | – Overthrow British rule in India. |
| – Establish an independent government based on socialist principles. | |
| Key Leaders | – Lala Hardayal (founder and leader) |
| – Sohan Singh Bhakna | |
| – Babu Lal Ghosh | |
| – Kartar Singh Sarabha | |
| Target Audience | Primarily aimed at Indians living abroad, particularly in North America. |
| Activities | – Published the newspaper Ghadar to spread revolutionary ideas. |
| – Organized rallies and gatherings to mobilize support. | |
| – Planned armed rebellion against British authorities in India. | |
| Major Event | – The Ghadar Conspiracy in 1915 aimed at uprisings in India during World War I. |
| Rebellion | – The conspiracy included plans for uprisings in Punjab and other regions. |
| – The planned uprising was largely unsuccessful due to arrests and lack of coordination. | |
| British Response | – The British government cracked down on Ghadar leaders, arresting many. |
| – Several members were executed or imprisoned. | |
| Legacy | – Despite its failure, the Ghadar Party inspired future generations of revolutionaries. |
| – Contributed to the rise of nationalism and anti-colonial sentiment in India. | |
| Cultural Impact | – The movement highlighted the role of the Indian diaspora in the freedom struggle. |
| – Influenced later revolutionary movements, including those led by Bhagat Singh and others. |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What was the Revolt of 1857?
The Revolt of 1857 was the first major armed rebellion against British rule in India, often called the Sepoy Mutiny.
2. What is the significance of the Indian National Congress?
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and became a principal platform for the Indian independence movement.
3. What was the Swadeshi Movement?
The Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911) encouraged the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian products in response to the Partition of Bengal.
4. What were the Minto-Morley Reforms?
The Minto-Morley Reforms, enacted in 1909, expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
6 .What was the Ghadar Party Movement?
The Ghadar Party Movement aimed to overthrow British rule through armed rebellion, primarily organized by Indians in North America around 1913.
