Biotechnology and Its Applications is a key subject matter for NEET, covering concepts like genetic engineering, transgenic organisms, biopiracy, and bioethics. NEET questions about this subject matter regularly awareness on packages in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation, which include gene therapy, genetically changed crops, and bioremediation. Students should apprehend the standards of recombinant DNA generation and its practical uses, as well as moral concerns. Thorough exercise of questions allows give a boost to know-how of each idea and real-international packages.
- Introduction: Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Download: Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Principles of Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Medicine: Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Biotechnology And Its Applications in Agriculture
- Biotechnology And Its Applicationsin Industry
- Biotechnology And Its Applications in Environment
- Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Common NEET Biotechnology And Its Applications
- FAQs about Biotechnology And Its Applications
Introduction: Biotechnology And Its Applications
Biotechnology And Its Applications is a rapidly advancing discipline with broad packages in medication, agriculture, and environmental management. In NEET, questions on biotechnology and its applications attention on key topics such as genetic engineering, cloning, recombinant DNA technology, and using microbes in industrial tactics. These questions examine a scholar’s expertise of how biotechnology can be applied to expand new treatments, improve crop yields, and create sustainable answers for various global challenges. By getting ready for NEET biotechnology questions, college students benefit insights into the capacity of biotechnological improvements, whilst also building a strong basis in scientific standards which might be critical for careers in medicine, research, and allied fields. Mastering these topics is important for scoring well within the examination’s biology segment.
Historical Background of Biotechnology
The roots of biotechnology may be traced back to ancient civilizations. Early examples consist of the fermentation of alcoholic beverages, the upkeep of food via techniques like pickling, and the breeding of animals and flowers with acceptable trends.
- Ancient Civilizations: Domestication of animals, cultivation of vegetation, and fermentation approaches.
- 19th Century: Development of pasteurization and germ principle of ailment.
- 20th Century: Discovery of DNA structure, genetic engineering techniques, and advancements in biotechnology.
- 21st Century: Rapid boom of biotechnology industry, improvement of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and breakthroughs in areas like gene therapy and synthetic biology.
Major Fields of Biotechnology
Biotechnology has diversified into numerous key fields, each with its own specific applications:
Agricultural Biotechnology:
- Crop Improvement: Developing genetically modified plants with traits like pest resistance, drought tolerance, and expanded yield.
- Animal Biotechnology: Improving farm animals via techniques like synthetic insemination and genetic engineering.
Download: Biotechnology And Its Applications
| Title | Download |
|---|---|
| Biotechnology And Its Applications NEET Questions with Answer Key | Click Here |
Principles of Biotechnology And Its Applications
Genetic engineering is the system of changing the genetic cloth of an organism to introduce new developments or alter existing ones. Recombinant DNA technology is a particular method within genetic engineering that includes combining DNA from different resources to create new DNA sequences.
Key Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology:
- Isolation of DNA: DNA is extracted from the organism of interest.
- Cutting DNA: Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into unique fragments.
- Joining DNA: The favored DNA fragments are joined collectively the use of an enzyme referred to as DNA ligase.
- Introducing DNA into a host organism: The recombinant DNA is inserted right into a appropriate host organism, along with a bacterium or yeast.
- Cloning: The host organism multiplies, producing many copies of the recombinant DNA.
- Expression: The inserted DNA is expressed, producing the preferred product.
Cloning Vectors and Restriction Enzymes
Cloning vectors are DNA molecules which can convey foreign DNA into a bunch cellular and reflect there. Common sorts of cloning vectors include plasmids (small, circular DNA molecules observed in bacteria), bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), and artificial chromosomes.
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at unique sequences called limit sites. These enzymes are crucial for creating DNA fragments of the desired size for recombinant DNA technology.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR is a method used to extend a particular DNA collection exponentially. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
Steps Involved in PCR:
- Denaturation: The DNA template is heated to split the two strands.
- Annealing: Short DNA primers bind to the complementary sequences on the template.
- Extension: A DNA polymerase enzyme extends the primers, growing new DNA strands complementary to the template.
Medicine: Biotechnology And Its Applications
Gene remedy is a clinical technique that targets to deal with genetic issues through introducing purposeful genes into cells. It includes changing faulty genes with wholesome ones or introducing new genes to provide a therapeutic advantage.
Types of Gene Remedy:
- Somatic gene therapy: Targets non-reproductive cells to treat a particular disorder within the man or woman.
- Germline gene therapy: Targets reproductive cells, doubtlessly passing the modified genes to offspring.
Genetic Diagnosis
Genetic diagnosis uses biotechnology strategies to perceive genetic abnormalities that cause diseases. This can be executed via DNA sequencing, PCR, and other molecular techniques.
Production of Insulin and Other Biopharmaceuticals
Biotechnology has revolutionized the manufacturing of many prescribed drugs, consisting of insulin and different proteins.
- Insulin: Before biotechnology, insulin became extracted from the pancreases of pigs and cows. Now, it’s miles produced in big portions the usage of recombinant DNA era in micro organism or yeast.
- Other biopharmaceuticals: Biotechnology has enabled the production of a extensive variety of healing proteins, inclusive of increase factors, enzymes, and vaccines.
Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies
Vaccines are biological preparations that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against precise diseases. Biotechnology has played a critical role in vaccine development, especially in the production of recombinant vaccines.
Monoclonal antibodies are noticeably particular proteins that could target and bind to particular antigens. They are used in many clinical programs, including cancer remedy, autoimmune disorder therapy, and diagnostic trying out.
Biotechnology And Its Applications in Agriculture
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| Genetically Modified (GM) Crops | Crops which have had their genetic material altered in a laboratory to introduce new traits or modify existing ones. |
| Bt Cotton | A GM crop that produces a protein toxic to certain insect pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. |
| Benefits of Bt Cotton | Increased yield, reduced costs for farmers, and environmental benefits due to reduced pesticide use. |
| Ethical Issues in GM Crops | Potential environmental risks, concerns about food safety, and social and economic implications. |
Biotechnology And Its Applications in Industry
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| Microbial Production of Enzymes and Antibiotics | Using microorganisms to supply enzymes for commercial approaches and antibiotics for medical applications. |
| Biofuel Production | Converting organic materials (like flowers, algae, or waste) into fuels which includes ethanol and biodiesel. |
| Biodegradable Plastics and Environmental Biotechnology | Developing environmentally friendly plastics that decompose certainly and the usage of biological methods to smooth up pollutants. |
Biotechnology And Its Applications in Environment
Biotechnology and Environmental Sustainability
Bioremediation Techniques
Bioremediation is the usage of microorganisms to degrade pollutants. It offers a value-powerful and environmentally pleasant opportunity to conventional cleanup strategies.
- Biodegradation of pollution: Bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms can break down a extensive variety of contaminants, which includes oil spills, heavy metals, insecticides, and industrial waste.
- In situ and ex situ remediation: Bioremediation may be conducted without delay at the infected web site (in situ) or by removing the contaminated material for treatment some place else (ex situ).
Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
Biofertilizers and biopesticides are biological products that decorate plant growth and decrease the reliance on synthetic fertilizers and insecticides.
- Biofertilizers: These products comprise beneficial microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and plant boom-selling rhizobacteria. They enhance soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and plant health.
- Biopesticides: Biopesticides are derived from natural assets, which includes micro organism, fungi, viruses, and plants. They goal precise pests at the same time as minimizing harm to non-target organisms.
Role of Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture
Biotechnology plays a critical position in growing sustainable agricultural practices.
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): GMOs may be engineered to have developments together with herbicide resistance, insect resistance, and advanced dietary content material. This can lessen the need for insecticides and increase crop yields.
- Precision agriculture: Biotechnology enables precision agriculture techniques, which include far flung sensing and GPS, to optimize useful resource use and limit environmental impact.
- Plant breeding: Biotechnology equipment, like marker-assisted selection, boost up plant breeding programs to increase new crop varieties with desirable developments, which include drought tolerance and disease resistance.
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Biotechnology And Its Applications
| Issue | Description |
|---|---|
| Biosafety and Bioethics | Concerns related to the secure improvement and use of biotechnology, such as potential risks to human fitness and the environment. |
| Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) | Legal protection for inventions and discoveries in biotechnology, such as patents, logos, and copyrights. |
| Genetic Privacy and Discrimination | Issues surrounding the collection, use, and disclosure of genetic statistics, and the ability for discrimination based totally on genetic characteristics. |
| Environmental Impact | Concerns approximately the capability negative consequences of biotechnology on ecosystems and biodiversity, along with the creation of genetically changed organisms (GMOs) into the environment. |
| Food Safety and Labeling | Issues associated with the protection of food merchandise derived from GMOs and the want for clear labeling to tell purchasers. |
| Social Equity and Access | Concerns approximately the equitable distribution of benefits and dangers related to biotechnology, and the ability for disparities between advanced and developing countries. |
| Dual Use Concerns | The capacity misuse of biotechnology for harmful purposes, consisting of the development of biological weapons. |
| Regulation and Governance | The need for effective regulatory frameworks to ensure the secure and responsible development and use of biotechnology. |
Common NEET Biotechnology And Its Applications
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is a way utilized in genetic engineering to insert a foreign gene into a host organism? | A. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| What is the term for an organism that includes DNA from another species? | B. Transgenic organism |
| Which enzyme is used to cut DNA into fragments? | C. Restriction enzyme |
| What is the process of cloning an entire organism called? | D. Somatic cellular nuclear transfer |
| Which biotechnology technique is used to amplify DNA? | E. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
Assertion-Reason Questions
| Assertion | Reason |
|---|---|
| Assertion: Recombinant DNA era is used to produce insulin. | Reason: Insulin is a protein hormone produced by using the pancreas. |
| Assertion: Bioremediation is a system used to easy up pollutants. | Reason: Microorganisms can degrade pollution inside the environment. |
| Assertion: Genetically changed organisms (GMOs) can be used to growth crop yields. | Reason: GMOs may be engineered to have trends including herbicide resistance or insect resistance. |
| Assertion: DNA fingerprinting is a technique utilized in forensic science. | Reason: DNA fingerprinting can become aware of people based totally on precise DNA styles. |
| Assertion: Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into diverse cellular sorts. | Reason: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide and specialize into one-of-a-kind mobile sorts. |
FAQs about Biotechnology And Its Applications
1. What is Biotechnology?
Ans: Biotechnology is the use of organic structures, organisms, or derivatives to increase products and technology that enhance human existence and the surroundings.
2. What are the principle applications of Biotechnology?
Ans: Biotechnology is broadly used in agriculture, medication, environmental protection, and business methods, inclusive of genetic engineering, manufacturing of vaccines, and biofuels.
3. What is Genetic Engineering?
Ans: Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism’s DNA to regulate its characteristics. It entails strategies like gene cloning and CRISPR-Cas9.
4. What is Recombinant DNA Technology?
Ans: Recombinant DNA technology is a technique wherein DNA from exclusive organisms is combined to shape a brand new set of genes, permitting the production of preferred proteins.
5. What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?
Ans: GMOs are organisms whose genetic cloth has been altered using genetic engineering strategies to exhibit desired trends, which includes pest resistance in plants.
