Plant Physiology in NEET specializes in the vital techniques that vegetation go through, consisting of photosynthesis, breathing, transpiration, and the motion of water and minerals. Questions generally check knowledge of plant structure, functions, and how flora have interaction with their surroundings. Key topics include plant hormones, growth regulation, and electricity conversion. Understanding those standards is vital for NEET as they shape the inspiration for knowledge plant biology and its relevance to medication, agriculture, and ecological studies.
- Introduction to Plant Physiology
- Download: Plant Physiology
- Transport in Plants: Plant Physiology
- Plant Growth and Development: Plant Physiology
- Photosynthesis: Plant Physiology
- Respiration in Plants: Plant Physiology
- Plant Metabolism: Plant Physiology
- Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
- NEET-Style Questions on Plant Physiology
- FAQs about Plant Physiology
Introduction to Plant Physiology
Plant Physiology is an important subject matter for the NEET examination, focusing at the physiological strategies and features in plants. It covers key ideas which includes photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and the transport of water, minerals, and vitamins. Understanding these tactics is vital for college students desiring to pursue careers in scientific and allied fitness sciences. NEET questions about plant body structure often check students’ understanding of plant mechanisms, enzyme capabilities, and plant responses to environmental factors. These topics are vital now not best for NEET however additionally for various other aggressive checks. Mastery of plant physiology provides a deeper insight into how plant life characteristic, contributing to the wider expertise of biology, making it a important vicinity of look at for NEET aspirants.
Importance in NEET
Plant body structure is a critical topic for NEET aspirants. It’s a high-scoring area that often appears in the biology segment of the examination. Understanding plant physiology principles is important for:
- Direct Questions: Many questions are directly based on physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and so on.
- Conceptual Clarity: A strong grasp of plant body structure principles helps in understanding related topics like ecology, genetics, and biotechnology.
- Practical Applications: Knowledge of plant body structure is beneficial in agriculture, horticulture, and environmental science.
Download: Plant Physiology
| Title | Download |
|---|---|
| Plant Physiology NEET Questions | Click |
Transport in Plants: Plant Physiology
| Process | Description |
|---|---|
| Water Transport | The movement of water from the roots to other parts of the plant through xylem vessels, driven by transpiration. |
| Mineral Nutrient Uptake | The absorption of essential minerals and nutrients from the soil by the roots via active or passive transport mechanisms. |
| Transpiration and its Role | Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss through stomata, helping in cooling the plant, maintaining water flow, and nutrient transport. |
| Translocation of Sugars | The process by which sugars produced in the leaves (photosynthesis) are transported through the phloem to other parts of the plant for growth and energy. |
Plant Growth and Development: Plant Physiology
Plant increase and improvement are complex techniques inspired by means of each internal and outside factors.
Growth Regulators
Plant increase regulators, or plant hormones, are chemical substances that manage plant growth and improvement. Some of the fundamental plant hormones include:
- Auxins: Promote cellular elongation, apical dominance, and root development.
- Cytokinins: Stimulate cellular division, delay senescence, and sell shoot improvement.
- Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit development.
- Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits growth, promotes seed dormancy, and induces stomatal closure.
- Ethylene: Promotes fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence.
Photoperiodism and Vernalization
Photoperiodism: The response of vegetation to the length of light and dark durations. Plants are classified as quick-day, lengthy-day, or day-neutral plants based on their flowering reaction to light.
Vernalization: The publicity of flowers to low temperatures to result in flowering. It breaks seed dormancy and promotes flowering in some plants.
Seed Dormancy and Germination
Seed Dormancy: A kingdom of suspended growth in seeds. It can be caused by different factors, together with tough seed coats, immature embryos, and the presence of germination inhibitors.
Seed Germination: The system by using which a seed emerges from a nation of dormancy and starts offevolved to grow. It requires favorable conditions inclusive of water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature.
Flowering Mechanism
Flowering is a complicated technique managed with the aid of different factors, consisting of:
- Photoperiodism: The length of day and night influences flowering.
- Vernalization: Exposure to low temperatures can set off flowering.
- Hormones: Plant hormones, consisting of gibberellins, play a vital function in beginning flowering.
- Environmental Factors: Factors like temperature, mild depth, and nutrient availability also can affect flowering.
Photosynthesis: Plant Physiology
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Photosynthesis (Light and Dark Reactions) | Light Reactions: Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, leading to the production of ATP and NADPH and the release of oxygen. Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts, using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. |
| Photosynthetic Pigments | Chlorophyll: The main pigment responsible for photosynthesis, absorbs blue and red light and reflects green. Carotenoids: Accessory pigments that absorb light in the blue and green regions and reflect yellow, orange, and red. Phycobilins: Found in red algae, absorb light in the red and blue regions. |
| Factors Affecting Photosynthesis | Light Intensity: Higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis to a certain limit. Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Higher CO2 concentration accelerates photosynthesis. Temperature: An optimal temperature range is necessary for enzyme activity; too high or low temperatures can inhibit photosynthesis. Water Availability: Water is essential for the light reactions and the production of glucose. |
| Photosynthesis in Different Plant Types | C3 Plants: Most common, use the Calvin cycle to fix CO2 in a 3-carbon molecule. Examples: Wheat, Rice. C4 Plants: Adapted to high light and temperature, utilize an additional step before the Calvin cycle to fix CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule. Examples: Maize, Sugarcane. CAM Plants: Open stomata at night to fix CO2 into organic acids, reducing water loss. Examples: Cactus, Pineapple. |
Respiration in Plants: Plant Physiology
Respiration is a metabolic method that entails the breakdown of natural molecules to launch electricity. In vegetation, it occurs in each the presence (aerobic) and shortage (anaerobic) of oxygen.
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration:
- Occurs inside the presence of oxygen.
- Involves three primary ranges: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron shipping chain.
- Produces a massive quantity of ATP.
- The very last electron acceptor is oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration:
- Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Involves only glycolysis.
- Produces a small amount of ATP.
- The very last electron acceptor is an natural molecule, together with pyruvate.
Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis:
- Occurs in the cytoplasm.
- Breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
- Produces a net advantage of two ATP molecules.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
- Occurs within the mitochondria.
- Oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 and H2O.
- Produces NADH and FADH2, which bring high-energy electrons.
ATP Production in Plants
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the power currency of cells. It is produced through:
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Direct switch of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: The manner by which ATP is fashioned as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. This takes place inside the electron shipping chain.
Role of Mitochondria in Respiration
Mitochondria are the “powerhouses of the mobile.” They play a critical function in cardio respiration through:
- Providing a compartment for the Krebs cycle: This method takes place within the mitochondrial matrix.
- Hosting the electron delivery chain: The internal mitochondrial membrane affords the essential components for electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Plant Metabolism: Plant Physiology
| Metabolic Process | Description | Key Enzymes/Components | End Products |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation | The process by which nitrogen from the atmosphere is converted into a usable form for plants, mainly ammonia or ammonium, which can be incorporated into amino acids and other nitrogen-containing compounds. | Nitrogenase, Glutamine synthetase, Glutamate synthase | Ammonia, Glutamine, Glutamate, Amino acids |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | Carbohydrate metabolism involves processes like photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars) and respiration (breakdown of sugars to produce energy). It is essential for energy storage and cell wall formation. | Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Starch, ATP |
| Lipid Metabolism | Lipid metabolism includes the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids and lipids, which are crucial for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling within the plant cells. | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Fatty acid synthase | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids |
| Secondary Metabolites | Secondary metabolism produces compounds that are not directly involved in growth or reproduction but play a role in plant defense, pigmentation, and communication. These compounds include alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics. | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Terpene synthases, Alkaloid biosynthesis enzymes | Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids |
Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
Plants, despite being stationary, exhibit first-rate responses to diverse environmental stimuli. These responses are critical for his or her survival, increase, and replica.
Phototropism and Gravitropism
Phototropism: The growth reaction of a plant closer to or faraway from light.
- Positive Phototropism: Growth in the direction of mild, normally exhibited by means of shoots.
- Negative Phototropism: Growth away from light, normally exhibited via roots.
Mechanism:
Auxin, a plant hormone, accumulates at the shaded aspect of the stem, promoting cellular elongation and bending toward the light.
Gravitropism: The growth reaction of a plant in response to gravity.
- Positive Gravitropism: Growth towards gravity, normally exhibited by way of roots.
- Negative Gravitropism: Growth faraway from gravity, normally exhibited through shoots.
Mechanism:
Auxin redistributes in response to gravity, influencing mobile elongation and growth direction.
Thigmotropism and Chemotropism
Thigmotropism: The growth reaction of a plant in reaction to the touch or physical touch.
- Positive Thigmotropism: Growth in the direction of the stimulus, as visible in tendrils coiling around a guide.
- Negative Thigmotropism: Growth away from the stimulus.
Chemotropism: The growth response of a plant in reaction to a chemical stimulus.
- Positive Chemotropism: Growth towards the chemical stimulus, as visible in pollen tubes growing closer to the ovule.
- Negative Chemotropism: Growth away from the chemical stimulus.
Plant Defense Mechanisms
Plants have evolved diverse protection mechanisms to guard themselves from herbivores and pathogens:
Physical Defenses:
- Thorns and spines
- Tough leaves
- Thick bark
Chemical Defenses:
- Production of toxic compounds
- Release of risky compounds to draw predators of herbivores
Induced Defenses:
- Rapid responses to herbivore assault, inclusive of the manufacturing of protecting compounds.
NEET-Style Questions on Plant Physiology
| Topic | Question | Options | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transport Mechanisms | Which of the following is responsible for the long-distance transport of water in plants? | A) Phloem B) Xylem C) Cortex D) Epidermis | B) Xylem |
| What is the primary driving force behind water transport in plants? | A) Active transport B) Osmosis C) Transpiration D) Capillarity | C) Transpiration | |
| Which phenomenon occurs when water moves from high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane in plants? | A) Diffusion B) Osmosis C) Active Transport D) Facilitated Diffusion | B) Osmosis | |
| Growth and Development | Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell elongation? | A) Cytokinin B) Gibberellin C) Ethylene D) Auxin | D) Auxin |
| In plants, which process is responsible for the formation of lateral roots? | A) Bud formation B) Apical dominance C) Root initiation D) Root cap formation | C) Root initiation | |
| Which of the following stages occurs first during seed germination? | A) Emergence of radicle B) Expansion of cotyledons C) Development of root hairs D) Leaf expansion | A) Emergence of radicle | |
| Photosynthesis and Respiration | What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis? | A) Carotenoids B) Chlorophyll C) Xanthophyll D) Phycoerythrin | B) Chlorophyll |
| Which of the following processes occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? | A) Oxygen is released B) Carbon dioxide is fixed C) Glucose is produced D) ATP and NADPH are generated | D) ATP and NADPH are generated | |
| In cellular respiration, what is the net production of ATP from one molecule of glucose? | A) 18 ATP B) 36 ATP C) 38 ATP D) 24 ATP | B) 36 ATP |
FAQs about Plant Physiology
Q. What is plant body structure?
Ans: Plant body structure is the study of the functions and processes that occur in plants, such as water and nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Q. Why is plant body structure critical for NEET?
Ans: It is a vital part of the NEET syllabus, covering key topics like reproduction in plants, plant growth regulators, and photosynthesis, which are frequently tested.
Q. What are the main topics in plant physiology for NEET?
Ans: Topics include photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, plant nutrients, and plant growth and development.
Q. How do I prepare for plant physiology questions in NEET?
Ans: Focus on understanding concepts, diagrams (e.g., the process of photosynthesis), and practice previous years’ NEET questions for better clarity.
Q. What is the function of stomata in plant physiology?
Ans: Stomata regulate gas exchange and water loss in plants. They are crucial for transpiration and photosynthesis.
